Publications

587 / 3,734 publications found.


  •  Kumar, A., Marks, T.K., Mou, W., Wang, Y., Cherian, A., Jones, M.J., Liu, X., Koike-Akino, T., Feng, C., "LUVLi Face Alignment: Estimating Landmarks’ Location, Uncertainty, and Visibility Likelihood", IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), DOI: 10.1109/​CVPR42600.2020.00826, June 2020.
    BibTeX TR2020-067 PDF Video Data Software
    • @inproceedings{Kumar2020jun,
    • author = {Kumar, Abhinav and Marks, Tim K. and Mou, Wenxuan and Wang, Ye and Cherian, Anoop and Jones, Michael J. and Liu, Xiaoming and Koike-Akino, Toshiaki and Feng, Chen},
    • title = {LUVLi Face Alignment: Estimating Landmarks’ Location, Uncertainty, and Visibility Likelihood},
    • booktitle = {IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
    • year = 2020,
    • month = jun,
    • publisher = {IEEE},
    • doi = {10.1109/CVPR42600.2020.00826},
    • issn = {2575-7075},
    • isbn = {978-1-7281-7168-5},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-067}
    • }
  •  Wu, P., Chen, S., "MotionNet: Joint Perception and Motion Prediction for Autonomous Driving Based on Bird’s Eye View Maps", IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), DOI: 10.1109/​CVPR42600.2020.01140, June 2020, pp. 11382-11392.
    BibTeX TR2020-068 PDF Data Software
    • @inproceedings{Wu2020jun,
    • author = {Wu, Pengxiang and Chen, Siheng},
    • title = {MotionNet: Joint Perception and Motion Prediction for Autonomous Driving Based on Bird’s Eye View Maps},
    • booktitle = {IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {11382--11392},
    • month = jun,
    • doi = {10.1109/CVPR42600.2020.01140},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-068}
    • }
  •  Jha, D.K., Kolaric, P., Raghunathan, A., Lewis, F., Benosman, M., Romeres, D., Nikovski, D.N., "Local Policy Optimization for Trajectory-Centric Reinforcement Learning", IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Ayanna Howard, Eds., May 2020, pp. 5094-5100.
    BibTeX TR2020-062 PDF
    • @inproceedings{Jha2020may,
    • author = {Jha, Devesh K. and Kolaric, Patrik and Raghunathan, Arvind and Lewis, Frank and Benosman, Mouhacine and Romeres, Diego and Nikovski, Daniel N.},
    • title = {Local Policy Optimization for Trajectory-Centric Reinforcement Learning},
    • booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)},
    • year = 2020,
    • editor = {Ayanna Howard},
    • pages = {5094--5100},
    • month = may,
    • publisher = {IEEE},
    • isbn = {978-1-7281-7395-5},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-062}
    • }
  •  Chen, S., Liu, B., Feng, C., Vallespi-Gonzalez, C., Wellington, C., "3D Point Cloud Processing and Learning for Autonomous Driving", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, DOI: 10.1109/​MSP.2020.2984780, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 68-86, May 2020.
    BibTeX TR2020-066 PDF
    • @article{Chen2020may2,
    • author = {Chen, Siheng and Liu, Baoan and Feng, Chen and Vallespi-Gonzalez, Carlos and Wellington, Carl},
    • title = {3D Point Cloud Processing and Learning for Autonomous Driving},
    • journal = {IEEE Signal Processing Magazine},
    • year = 2020,
    • volume = 38,
    • number = 1,
    • pages = {68--86},
    • month = may,
    • doi = {10.1109/MSP.2020.2984780},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-066}
    • }
  •  Sun, H., Wang, P., Pajovic, M., Koike-Akino, T., Orlik, P.V., Taira, A., Nakagawa, K., "Fingerprinting-Based Outdoor Localization with 28-GHz Channel Measurement: A Field Study", IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), DOI: 10.1109/​SPAWC48557.2020.9154212, May 2020.
    BibTeX TR2020-056 PDF
    • @inproceedings{Sun2020may,
    • author = {Sun, Haijian and Wang, Pu and Pajovic, Milutin and Koike-Akino, Toshiaki and Orlik, Philip V. and Taira, Akinori and Nakagawa, Kenji},
    • title = {Fingerprinting-Based Outdoor Localization with 28-GHz Channel Measurement: A Field Study},
    • booktitle = {IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC)},
    • year = 2020,
    • month = may,
    • publisher = {IEEE},
    • doi = {10.1109/SPAWC48557.2020.9154212},
    • issn = {1948-3252},
    • isbn = {978-1-7281-5478-7},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-056}
    • }
  •  Koike-Akino, T., Wang, P., Pajovic, M., Sun, H., Orlik, P.V., "Fingerprinting-Based Indoor Localization with Commercial MMWave WiFi: A Deep Learning Approach", IEEE Access, DOI: 10.1109/​ACCESS.2020.2991129, April 2020.
    BibTeX TR2020-054 PDF
    • @article{Koike-Akino2020apr,
    • author = {Koike-Akino, Toshiaki and Wang, Pu and Pajovic, Milutin and Sun, Haijian and Orlik, Philip V.},
    • title = {Fingerprinting-Based Indoor Localization with Commercial MMWave WiFi: A Deep Learning Approach},
    • journal = {IEEE Access},
    • year = 2020,
    • month = apr,
    • doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2991129},
    • issn = {2169-3536},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-054}
    • }
  •  Ozdenizci, O., Wang, Y., Koike-Akino, T., Erdogmus, D., "Learning Invariant Representations from EEG via Adversarial Inference", IEEE Access, DOI: 10.1109/​ACCESS.2020.2971600, Vol. 8, pp. 27074-27085, April 2020.
    BibTeX TR2020-049 PDF
    • @article{Ozdenizci2020apr,
    • author = {Ozdenizci, Ozan and Wang, Ye and Koike-Akino, Toshiaki and Erdogmus, Deniz},
    • title = {Learning Invariant Representations from EEG via Adversarial Inference},
    • journal = {IEEE Access},
    • year = 2020,
    • volume = 8,
    • pages = {27074--27085},
    • month = apr,
    • doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2971600},
    • issn = {2169-3536},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-049}
    • }
  •  Chang, X., Zhang, W., Qian, Y., Le Roux, J., Watanabe, S., "End-To-End Multi-Speaker Speech Recognition with Transformer", IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), DOI: 10.1109/​ICASSP40776.2020.9054029, April 2020, pp. 6134-6138.
    BibTeX TR2020-043 PDF Video Presentation
    • @inproceedings{Chang2020apr,
    • author = {Chang, Xuankai and Zhang, Wangyou and Qian, Yanmin and Le Roux, Jonathan and Watanabe, Shinji},
    • title = {End-To-End Multi-Speaker Speech Recognition with Transformer},
    • booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {6134--6138},
    • month = apr,
    • publisher = {IEEE},
    • doi = {10.1109/ICASSP40776.2020.9054029},
    • issn = {2379-190X},
    • isbn = {978-1-5090-6631-5},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-043}
    • }
  •  Pishdadian, F., Wichern, G., Le Roux, J., "Learning to Separate Sounds From Weakly Labeled Scenes", IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), DOI: 10.1109/​ICASSP40776.2020.9053055, April 2020, pp. 91-95.
    BibTeX TR2020-038 PDF Video Presentation
    • @inproceedings{Pishdadian2020apr,
    • author = {Pishdadian, Fatemeh and Wichern, Gordon and Le Roux, Jonathan},
    • title = {Learning to Separate Sounds From Weakly Labeled Scenes},
    • booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {91--95},
    • month = apr,
    • publisher = {IEEE},
    • doi = {10.1109/ICASSP40776.2020.9053055},
    • issn = {2379-190X},
    • isbn = {978-1-5090-6631-5},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-038}
    • }
  •  Al-Shabili, A., Mansour, H., Boufounos, P.T., "Learning Plug-and-Play Proximal Quasi-Newton Denoisers", IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), DOI: 10.1109/​ICASSP40776.2020.9054537, April 2020, pp. 8896-8900.
    BibTeX TR2020-045 PDF Video
    • @inproceedings{Al-Shabili2020apr,
    • author = {Al-Shabili, Abdullah and Mansour, Hassan and Boufounos, Petros T.},
    • title = {Learning Plug-and-Play Proximal Quasi-Newton Denoisers},
    • booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {8896--8900},
    • month = apr,
    • publisher = {IEEE},
    • doi = {10.1109/ICASSP40776.2020.9054537},
    • issn = {2379-190X},
    • isbn = {978-1-5090-6631-5},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-045}
    • }
  •  Maciejewski, M., Wichern, G., McQuinn, E., Le Roux, J., "WHAMR!: Noisy and Reverberant Single-Channel Speech Separation", IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), DOI: 10.1109/​ICASSP40776.2020.9053327, April 2020, pp. 696-700.
    BibTeX TR2020-042 PDF Video Presentation
    • @inproceedings{Maciejewski2020apr,
    • author = {Maciejewski, Matthew and Wichern, Gordon and McQuinn, Emmett and Le Roux, Jonathan},
    • title = {WHAMR!: Noisy and Reverberant Single-Channel Speech Separation},
    • booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {696--700},
    • month = apr,
    • publisher = {IEEE},
    • doi = {10.1109/ICASSP40776.2020.9053327},
    • issn = {2379-190X},
    • isbn = {978-1-5090-6631-5},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-042}
    • }
  •  Moritz, N., Hori, T., Le Roux, J., "Streaming Automatic Speech Recognition With The Transformer Model", IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), DOI: 10.1109/​ICASSP40776.2020.9054476, April 2020, pp. 6074-6078.
    BibTeX TR2020-040 PDF Video Presentation
    • @inproceedings{Moritz2020apr,
    • author = {Moritz, Niko and Hori, Takaaki and Le Roux, Jonathan},
    • title = {Streaming Automatic Speech Recognition With The Transformer Model},
    • booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {6074--6078},
    • month = apr,
    • publisher = {IEEE},
    • doi = {10.1109/ICASSP40776.2020.9054476},
    • issn = {2379-190X},
    • isbn = {978-1-5090-6631-5},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-040}
    • }
  •  Sari, L., Moritz, N., Hori, T., Le Roux, J., "Unsupervised Speaker Adaptation Using Attention-Based Speaker Memory For End-To-End ASR", IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), DOI: 10.1109/​ICASSP40776.2020.9054249, April 2020, pp. 7384-7388.
    BibTeX TR2020-037 PDF Video Presentation
    • @inproceedings{Sari2020apr,
    • author = {Sari, Leda and Moritz, Niko and Hori, Takaaki and Le Roux, Jonathan},
    • title = {Unsupervised Speaker Adaptation Using Attention-Based Speaker Memory For End-To-End ASR},
    • booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {7384--7388},
    • month = apr,
    • publisher = {IEEE},
    • doi = {10.1109/ICASSP40776.2020.9054249},
    • issn = {2379-190X},
    • isbn = {978-1-5090-6631-5},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-037}
    • }
  •  Shi, L., Geng, S., Shuang, K., Hori, C., Liu, S., Gao, P., Su, S., "Multi-Layer Content Interaction Through Quaternion Product For Visual Question Answering", IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), DOI: 10.1109/​ICASSP40776.2020.9053595, April 2020, pp. 4412-4416.
    BibTeX TR2020-046 PDF
    • @inproceedings{Shi2020apr,
    • author = {Shi, Lei and Geng, Shijie and Shuang, Kai and Hori, Chiori and Liu, Songxiang and Gao, Peng and Su, Sen},
    • title = {Multi-Layer Content Interaction Through Quaternion Product For Visual Question Answering},
    • booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {4412--4416},
    • month = apr,
    • publisher = {IEEE},
    • doi = {10.1109/ICASSP40776.2020.9053595},
    • issn = {2379-190X},
    • isbn = {978-1-5090-6631-5},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-046}
    • }
  •  Zhang, S., Zhang, S., Wang, B., Habetler, T., "Deep Learning Algorithms for Bearing Fault Diagnostics – A Comprehensive Review", IEEE Access, DOI: 10.1109/​ACCESS.2020.2972859, Vol. 8, pp. 29857-29881, March 2020.
    BibTeX TR2020-034 PDF
    • @article{Zhang2020mar,
    • author = {Zhang, Shen and Zhang, Shibo and Wang, Bingnan and Habetler, Thomas},
    • title = {Deep Learning Algorithms for Bearing Fault Diagnostics – A Comprehensive Review},
    • journal = {IEEE Access},
    • year = 2020,
    • volume = 8,
    • pages = {29857--29881},
    • month = mar,
    • doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2972859},
    • issn = {2169-3536},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-034}
    • }
  •  Li, R., Wang, X., Mallidi, H., Watanabe, S., Hori, T., Hermansky, H., "Multi-Stream End-to-End Speech Recognition", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, DOI: 10.1109/​TASLP.2019.2959721, Vol. 28, pp. 646-655, March 2020.
    BibTeX TR2020-030 PDF
    • @article{Li2020mar,
    • author = {Li, Ruizhi and Wang, Xiaofei and Mallidi, Harish and Watanabe, Shinji and Hori, Takaaki and Hermansky, Hynek},
    • title = {Multi-Stream End-to-End Speech Recognition},
    • journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing},
    • year = 2020,
    • volume = 28,
    • pages = {646--655},
    • month = mar,
    • doi = {10.1109/TASLP.2019.2959721},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-030}
    • }
  •  D’Haro, L.F., Yoshino, K., Hori, C., Marks, T.K., Polymenakos, L., Kummerfeld, J.K., Galley, M., Gao, X., "Overview of the seventh Dialog System Technology Challenge: DSTC7", Computer Speech and Language, DOI: 10.1016/​j.csl.2020.101068, Vol. 62, March 2020.
    BibTeX TR2020-029 PDF
    • @article{D’Haro2020mar,
    • author = {D’Haro, Luis Fernando and Yoshino, Koichiro and Hori, Chiori and Marks, Tim K. and Polymenakos, Lazaros and Kummerfeld, Jonathan K. and Galley, Michel and Gao, Xiang},
    • title = {Overview of the seventh Dialog System Technology Challenge: DSTC7},
    • journal = {Computer Speech and Language},
    • year = 2020,
    • volume = 62,
    • month = mar,
    • doi = {10.1016/j.csl.2020.101068},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-029}
    • }
  •  Kojima, K., TaherSima, M., Koike-Akino, T., Jha, D.K., Tang, Y., Parsons, K., Sang, F., Klamkin, J., "Deep Neural Networks for Designing Integrated Photonics", Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC), DOI: 10.1364/​OFC.2020.Th1A.6, March 2020.
    BibTeX TR2020-057 PDF
    • @inproceedings{Kojima2020mar,
    • author = {Kojima, Keisuke and TaherSima, Mohammad and Koike-Akino, Toshiaki and Jha, Devesh K. and Tang, Yingheng and Parsons, Kieran and Sang, Fengqiao and Klamkin, Jonathan},
    • title = {Deep Neural Networks for Designing Integrated Photonics},
    • booktitle = {Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC)},
    • year = 2020,
    • month = mar,
    • publisher = {OSA},
    • doi = {10.1364/OFC.2020.Th1A.6},
    • isbn = {978-1-943580-71-2},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-057}
    • }
  •  Aihara, R., Wichern, G., Le Roux, J., "Deep Clustering-based Single Channel Speech Separation and Recent Advances", Acoustical Science and Technology, DOI: 10.1250/​ast.41.465, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 465-471, March 2020.
    BibTeX TR2021-020 PDF
    • @article{Aihara2020jun,
    • author = {{Aihara, Ryo and Wichern, Gordon and Le Roux, Jonathan}},
    • title = {Deep Clustering-based Single Channel Speech Separation and Recent Advances},
    • journal = {Acoustical Science and Technology},
    • year = 2020,
    • volume = 41,
    • number = 2,
    • pages = {465--471},
    • month = mar,
    • doi = {10.1250/ast.41.465},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2021-020}
    • }
  •  Ramachandra, B., Jones, M.J., Vatsavai, R., "Learning a distance function with a Siamese network to localize anomalies in videos", IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), DOI: 10.1109/​WACV45572.2020.9093417, February 2020, pp. 2598-2607.
    BibTeX TR2020-015 PDF
    • @inproceedings{Jones2020feb,
    • author = {Ramachandra, Bharathkumar and Jones, Michael J. and Vatsavai, Ranga},
    • title = {Learning a distance function with a Siamese network to localize anomalies in videos},
    • booktitle = {IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {2598--2607},
    • month = feb,
    • doi = {10.1109/WACV45572.2020.9093417},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-015}
    • }
  •  Cherian, A., Wang, J., Hori, C., Marks, T.K., "Spatio-Temporal Ranked-Attention Networks for Video Captioning", IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), DOI: 10.1109/​WACV45572.2020.9093291, February 2020, pp. 1606-1615.
    BibTeX TR2020-016 PDF
    • @inproceedings{Cherian2020feb,
    • author = {Cherian, Anoop and Wang, Jue and Hori, Chiori and Marks, Tim K.},
    • title = {Spatio-Temporal Ranked-Attention Networks for Video Captioning},
    • booktitle = {IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {1606--1615},
    • month = feb,
    • publisher = {IEEE},
    • doi = {10.1109/WACV45572.2020.9093291},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-016}
    • }
  •  Huang, R., Xu, W., Lee, T.-Y., Cherian, A., Wang, Y., Marks, T.K., "FX-GAN: Self-Supervised GAN Learning via Feature Exchange", IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), DOI: 10.1109/​WACV45572.2020.9093525, February 2020, pp. 3183-3191.
    BibTeX TR2020-014 PDF
    • @inproceedings{Huang2020feb,
    • author = {Huang, Rui and Xu, Wenju and Lee, Teng-Yok and Cherian, Anoop and Wang, Ye and Marks, Tim K.},
    • title = {FX-GAN: Self-Supervised GAN Learning via Feature Exchange},
    • booktitle = {IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {3183--3191},
    • month = feb,
    • publisher = {IEEE},
    • doi = {10.1109/WACV45572.2020.9093525},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-014}
    • }
  •  He, W., Lee, T.-Y., van Baar, J., Wittenburg, K.B., Shen, H.-W., "DynamicsExplorer: Visual Analytics for Robot Control Tasks involving Dynamics and LSTM-based Control Policies", IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium (PacificVis), DOI: 10.1109/​PacificVis48177.2020.7127, January 2020, pp. 36-45.
    BibTeX TR2020-011 PDF
    • @inproceedings{He2020jan,
    • author = {He, Wenbin and Lee, Teng-Yok and van Baar, Jeroen and Wittenburg, Kent B. and Shen, Han-Wei},
    • title = {DynamicsExplorer: Visual Analytics for Robot Control Tasks involving Dynamics and LSTM-based Control Policies},
    • booktitle = {IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium (PacificVis)},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {36--45},
    • month = jan,
    • doi = {10.1109/PacificVis48177.2020.7127},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-011}
    • }
  •  Chen, S., Duan, C., Yang, Y., Feng, C., Li, D., Tian, D., "Deep Unsupervised Learning of 3D Point Clouds via Graph Topology Inference and Filtering", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, DOI: 10.1109/​TIP.2019.2957935, pp. 3183-3198, January 2020.
    BibTeX TR2020-004 PDF Data Software
    • @article{Chen2020jan,
    • author = {Chen, Siheng and Duan, Chaojing and Yang, Yaoqing and Feng, Chen and Li, Duanshun and Tian, Dong},
    • title = {Deep Unsupervised Learning of 3D Point Clouds via Graph Topology Inference and Filtering},
    • journal = {IEEE Transactions on Image Processing},
    • year = 2020,
    • pages = {3183--3198},
    • month = jan,
    • doi = {10.1109/TIP.2019.2957935},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-004}
    • }
  •  Xu, H., Sun, H., Nikovski, D.N., Kitamura, S., Mori, K., Hashimoto, H., "Deep Reinforcement Learning for Joint Bidding and Pricing of Load Serving Entity", IEEE Transactions on smart grids, DOI: 10.1109/​TSG.2019.2903756, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 6366-6375, January 2020.
    BibTeX TR2020-003 PDF
    • @article{Xu2020jan,
    • author = {Xu, Hanchen and Sun, Hongbo and Nikovski, Daniel N. and Kitamura, Shoichi and Mori, Kazuyuki and Hashimoto, Hiroyuki},
    • title = {Deep Reinforcement Learning for Joint Bidding and Pricing of Load Serving Entity},
    • journal = {IEEE Transactions on smart grids},
    • year = 2020,
    • volume = 10,
    • number = 6,
    • pages = {6366--6375},
    • month = jan,
    • doi = {10.1109/TSG.2019.2903756},
    • issn = {1949-3061},
    • url = {https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2020-003}
    • }